Adam Okene Ahmed, PhD
National Defence College Nigeria
prof_oaahmed@ndc.gov.ng
+2348033151706
&
Olajumoke Ganiyat Jenyo, PhD, PMP
National Defence College Nigeria
ogjenyo@ndc.gov.ng or jenyoolajumoke@gmail.com
+2348036851056
&
Abarkaka Kabir, PhD
National Defence College Nigeria
Abstract
Worldwide, unfettered immigration constitutes immense threat to the receiving country’s Security and economic well-being. Conflict-driven migration occurs concurrently with terrorism, insurgency, gun-running, cross-border crime and money laundering, aside from numerous other criminal activities. Lately, the nexus between immigration-induced criminality has begun to gain scholars’ currency and attention. Situating this problematic occurrence within the framework of the inductive-qualitative research approach becomes worthwhile. In this purview, therefore, this study leveraged securitization theory as its basis of analysis. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the nexus between immigration, internal Security and development in Nigeria, drawing from a review of relevant literature on migration, Security, and governance in scholarly journals. The paper contends that the porous security situation in Nigeria’s borders enhances mass immigration, leading to pervasive insecurity. This is reflected in the internal security dynamics of the Nigerian state as manifested in the upsurge of terrorism, banditry, kidnapping and smuggling, amongst several other crimes. The paper argues that both migration and security policies within the context of the UN Human Right Declaration Principles, ECOWAS protocol on the Free Movement of people and goods, and the Right of Establishment combine to entrench an imbalance of power relations and the Francophone-Anglophone divide within Nigeria’s neighbouring states. These have made war against irregular migration a mirage. The study recommends, among other things, that there is a need for the Nigerian government to realign to the new realities of insecurities in the 21st century through intensifying rigorous responses to global problems and conflicts.
Keywords: Migration, Insecurity, Globalisation, Terrorism, National security, Development
Introduction
In a sense, the migration of Nigerians into countries like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Canada is brain gain to the receiving countries. Whereas this portends brain drain to the source country Nigeria. In like manner, immigration of conflict-prone, conflict-torn or post-conflict emigrants into Nigeria inhibits and undermines the country’s internal Security. Similarly, immigration into a receiving country like Nigeria poses an economic burden. Many mutually reinforcing linkages exist between migration or immigration, internal insecurity or internal Security and national development, as they are interdependent in causing and addressing humanitarian problems orchestrated by conflicts. To the International Peace Academy (2006), long-term development requires and hinges upon security, and lasting security depends upon development.
Over time, Nigeria has been bedeviled with different dimensions of insecurity connected with terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and organized crimes. Many of these are linked to transnational movements guaranteed by the provision of Articles 13 and 14 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UHDR) (Fauser, 2006 & Ibrahim, 2019). The 9/11 terrorist attack by immigrants in the United States of America (USA) has made migration and Security a nexus to gain currency on a global scale. Since then, the developed countries, the USA and the EU, have pro-actively incorporated West Africa into their “Global War on Terror” (Deridde & Ward, 2020). They have also applied stringent measures to control migration effectively since national Security is fundamental to the existence of the modern state, not only as a means of protecting her territorial integrity and sovereignty but also to defend its value against all sorts of external threats. (Quora Report, 2017).
The ECOWAS protocol on the free movement of persons, residence and establishment has also facilitated movement across State borders within the Sub-region (Riddell, 2019). This has made migration in the sub-region a security concern as irregular migrant’s act anathema to the national Security of the host countries. Regional Web (2022) reported an increase in irregular migrants in Nigeria from about 1,456,000 in 2014 to about 2 million in 2021. Similarly, (International Organisation for Migration, 2021) describes Nigeria as one of the countries vulnerable to migration-induced security threats in Africa. This has been linked to its contiguity with relatively poorer neighbouringneighboring countries and her poorly managed borders. Similarly, Nigeria’s national Security has been prone to cross-border crimes such as the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, armed banditry, illicit drugs peddling, trafficking in person and girl child, smuggling, herders-farmers conflicts, etcetera with negative impacts on national Security.
Despite several measures the Nigeria government has put in place to provide adequate Security for her citizens through adequate migration management, migration continues to be a security challenge to the integrity of the country owing to her long porous borders of about 36,450 kilometers of land and sea, cultural, religious, economic and social affiliations of Nigerians to neighbouring countries (Afolayan, 2014; Idris, 2019). This gap in Nigeria’s migration management makes it difficult to track who enters the country, how they enter and what they do within it. This makes it possible for irregular migrants to get away with crime, often due to the deficiencies in documentation and records of their attendance in the country. Addressing illegal migration and its impact on national Security, the nexus of migration, Security and development is imperative and timely for consideration in this paper.
Migration
Migration is as old as man and has occurred throughout human life. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2019), migration is a process of moving either across an international border or a state. Migration simply means movement from one place to another; and constitutes an essential aspect of human life aided by advancement in information and communication technology and the forces of globalization (Naim, 2003 & Jenyo, 2020). This transnational movement phenomenon encompasses any form of movement of people, such as the migration of refugees, displaced persons, and social and economic migrants. This definition highlights the essentials and drivers of migration. Adesina and Jenyo (2021) termed this rationale of migration push and pull factors.
Migration across the world, generally and specifically within Africa and other developing countries, has been enhanced; and its benefits in terms of significant contribution to the development of societies are universally acknowledged (International Organisation for Migration, 2020). Migration may be regular or irregular. While regular migration is lawful, irregular migration is unlawful and may be embarked upon voluntarily or involuntarily. Irregular migration, according to the IOM, is the “movement of persons that takes place outside the laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry into or exit from the state of origin, transit, or destination (IOM, 2020: Ifeakandu & Akper,2021). As a concept, the European Commission (EC, 2020), and the IOM (2020), view irregular migration as the ‘movement of persons to a new place of residence outside the controlling patterns of the sending, transit and receiving countries; and as the movement of people that takes place outside the regulatory norm of the sending, transit and receiving countries respectively’.
Illicit migration is progressively used concerning the crimes of human trafficking and people smuggling (Kuschminde et al., 2015): Also, it has been established that the main objective of migration is not only Security but also a means of Security. It is also considered an anti-terrorism measure. Most unfortunately, nevertheless, the environment of migration is globally unsecured, and its operational modalities are also insecurity engendered, especially in Africa and Nigeria,
Internal Security
Internal Security has been thrashed with broad academic, political and military assertions owing to divergent views on the two variables that establish it. In the opinion of Lippman (1982), internal Security is the ability of a nation to sustain its fundamental ethics and avoid conflict and, if confronted, its ability to maintain such fundamental ethics through victories in war. This assertion views internal Security from the perspective of the traditional approach to the Security of the state. A synthesis of the concept only focuses on the core value of the state. However, Onuoha (2017), on the other hand, views internal Security as the capability of a state to fully uphold and ensure the realization of the essential rights of the citizen of the society and protect them from threats of economic, socio and political nature using the mechanism of national power such as technology. This view captures the use of technology in fostering internal Security but is silent on the effects of a state to conquer major threats to state security. Meanwhile, Slater and Carrafano (2017) stressed that internal Security is a complete exercise to ascertain a nation’s foreign and domestic interests. Their views of national security are also from the state-centric perspective when focusing more on territorial and state protection than human Security.
Internal Security preserves a country’s physical uprightness and domain and keeps up its economic relations with the rest of the world and its border. This definition, by far, helps to understand that national Security encompasses the maintenance of values and beliefs and the protection of institutions and the well-being of people. In another continuum, internal Security is the protection of the values, critical human and infrastructural assets, territorial integrity, lives and properties of citizens from threats (Iweze, 2010; Egefor & Salihu, 2014).
Better still, internal Security is an act of peacekeeping within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories holistically by upholding the national law, defending and countering activities and incidences that might lead to a breakdown of public order and undermine the general well-being of citizens (Abbo, 2009).
Development
Development, as viewed by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), is the ability of a nation to satisfy the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the ability of the future generation to meet their own. Hodder (2000), as cited by Jenyo (2020), views development as ‘an economic, social or political process which results in an aggregate increase in the perceived standard of living for an increasing quantity of a population’. Thus, on a general note, development has often been viewed from political, economic and social dimensions. These dimensions are often perceived in one way or the other as encompassing other facets of life. This way, Foster (1985) reports that development is essentially a qualitative change in society’s socioeconomic, political and cultural aspects as manifested in the overall welfare of the masses.
Concerning a political entity such as Nigeria, development means improving a country’s socio-political, economic and other human conditions. More specifically, it connotes the improvement in ways of managing an area’s national, human and other resources, including its border, to create wealth and improve people’s standard of living. On this basis, Seers (1969) gives a clue as to what to look for in a country’s development; ‘what has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality? If all three have become less severe, then beyond doubt, there has been a period of development for the country concerned. If one or two of these central problems have been worsening, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result ‘development’, even if the per-capita income had soared’. This view depicts development in terms of reducing three variables central to the human standard of living: poverty, unemployment and inequality.
Migration induced-security Nexus
The studies of the scholars such as Doty (1999), Huysmans (2000), and Ceyhan & Tsoukala (2002) revealed that there is a critical link between migration and Security because the arguments about the political linkage of migration to Security are not new in the realms of international relations and security studies (Miller, 1981; Freeman, 1985; Heisler &Schmitter Heisler, 1985; Hollifield, 1992; Thraenhardt 1993 & Betz 1994). Weiner (1993) contended that migration as a threat leads to more general changes in migrant destination state policies, as migration can significantly impact foreign policy. Als, Eme, Ibenekwu, & Ekpo (2021) argued that much of the debates surrounding migration and framing it as a threat comes from the far-right of the political spectrum. Hence, Fauser (2006) found a nexus between irregular migration and security threat to a country’s corporate existence and stability in that immigrants are adversaries to the government in their domestic country. The argument is that political refugees could create a risk when they use their exile to advocate for regime change in their home country. In this context, other immigrants in this receiving country, which did not come as refugees or political opponents to the regime in their home country, might become supporters of the protesters and get more politicized through their activities.
The contention of Guiraudon and Joppke (2001) is that immigrants and asylum seekers might also threaten the economic and social systems. They may provide difficulties in the national labour market and contribute to welfare enslavement. Migrant workers might pressure the domestic wages as they need to work for less money than domestic standards usually allow, which opens the way for employers to lower wages for certain branches. Also, for the home countries, migration can be socio-economically costly. Fauser (2006) finding corroborates the Guiraudon and Joppke (2001) report and reveals that the emigration of qualified immigrants first reduces highly skilled potential in the labour market and, second, it constitutes general economic losses as the country usually already invested in their Education and profession.
Nexus of Migration and National Development
Globally, many studies have presented a divergent and convergent view of the connection between migration and national development. The study of Okehene (2011) found that the role of the Immigration service is critical in midwifing migration and national development. To Okehene (2011), there is a strong link between migration and national development since the Nigerian state is a source and destination for migrants. Akyeampong (2012) contended that despite the strong relationship between the two variables, African states need more coordinated policies linking international migration through the Irregular inflow of persons within the sub-region. The study found that increased demand for urban growth-induced migration has increased demand for agricultural land, directly impacting national development. Also, Raineri and Rossi (2017) asserted that migration is linked to economic development because it represents a framework for coping with the limited absorption capacity of the global job market. Hence, analysis and synthesis of the literature as reviewed shows that despite the importance of this phenomenon and its implications for national development, the migration-security-induced prodigy remains one of Nigeria’s least studied demographic disciplines. This academic gap informed the current study, and the need to fill the gap is imperative and timely.
Methodology
This study is a product of inductive-qualitative research. The paper relied on the secondary data sources obtained from the Federal Government and its agencies, including; International Agency reports such as AI, IOM, HRW, and UNHRC, among others. In addition, textbooks, journal articles, newspapers and magazines, and data stored in files, government achieves, libraries, bookshelves, the internet and other documents. The study utilized the qualitative analysis approach to synthesize findings from that place. Therefore, the study adopted thematic and content analysis as its method of data analysis and interpretation.
The Nexus of Migration and Internal Security Crisis in Nigeria
Insecurity and conflicts constitute a push factor compelling the need to seek safety and Security elsewhere (Akinterinwa, 2017). The Nigerian state has witnessed various internal security irregular migration-induced threats over the years. This is due partly to Nigeria’s geo-strategic position, making it a centre of attraction to immigrants from neighbouring countries, including herders emigrating from crisis-stricken areas of the Southern Sahara (Akanji, 2017 & Buratai, 2019). Nevertheless, the porosity of Nigerian borders also facilitates the creation of illegal border routes, which contributes to the inability of the FGN to manage migration and its related security issues effectively. As a result, irregular immigrants in Nigeria are increasing concerns about illegal activities such as smuggling, violence, proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), kidnapping and rustling, amongst others, across the borders, negatively impacting the internal Security of Nigeria (Ibrahim, 2018 & Idris, 2019). According to the Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA) (2014), effective border security in Nigeria is germane in order to curb unmanned and increasing illegal trades such as adulterated and illicit drugs, smuggling of contraband goods, stolen cars and SALWs among others (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2017).
It is estimated that between 8,000 and 32,000 Tuaregs from the Niger Republic alone migrated to Kano and its environs between 2014 and 2015 (Blessing, 2017). Another 250,000 immigrants moved into Northwest Nigeria between 2016 and 2017 from West Africa, the Lake Chad Basin area and the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea. This was substantiated by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), which estimated that about 1.1 million West Africans are illegally employed in Nigeria, most of whom are undocumented (Ibrahim, 2018).
Therefore, Stolh and Hogendoorn’s (2014) argument is that ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement confers on community citizens the right to enter and reside in the territory of any member state, provided they possess valid travel documents and international health certificates. It also permits member states to refuse admission to ECOWAS citizens who are inadmissible under the member state’s domestic law. According to Ani (2018), the free movement protocol aims to enhance economic activities, but criminals have availed themselves of this initiative to perpetrate nefarious activities. This has many implications for the Security of the sub-region, especially Nigeria, which is most ECOWAS citizens’ destination point. Refugees generate a different set of problems for their host country. The expected future conflict in the sub-region is conflict over amenities and resources between refugees and host communities (Olonisakin,2008). This was validated by Anka (2018), who stated that there is no security of lives and properties because weapons are readily available due to the proliferation of SALW. While ECOWAS claims to be Africa’s first region with free movement protocol requires improved implementation, raising more issues than enhancing regional trade and economic growth.
The migration management agencies have rather turned the job into illegal personal businesses. This encourages the crossing of smugglers with all sorts of commodities from one country to another with just the tip of the token. There are many roadblocks and illegal barriers, yet the insecurity problem needs to be abated on border roads (Olonisakin, 2008; Ibrahim, 2018). Also, because ECOWAS does not have an adequate mechanism for checking the entry of irregular immigrants, people who carry out nefarious activities exploit the opportunity to launder money, trafficking persons, illicit drugs, and SALW, amongst others. Thus, the privileges of the Protocol are being abused. The Protocol, rather than integration, contributes to insecurity in West Africa, especially Nigeria, the most sought destination by West African migrants. Unhindered free movement of people in the sub-region has easily brought about a condition of tension among citizens of the receiving country and migrants, especially in places where migrants dominate commerce and trade, as is currently witnessed in farmers-herders conflict amongst many other contemporary conflicts in Nigeria (Ibrahim, 2018) Weak governments could easily be destabilized under such tensions. Therefore, the inadequate ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment impedes achieving migration management to improve internal Security in Nigeria.
The proliferation of SALW is undoubtedly a critical military pointer and problem underpinning counter-terrorism towards enhancing internal Security (Stohl & Hogendoorn, 2014). However, poor migration management has resulted in the proliferation of SALW from neighbouring African countries in crisis, such as Mali, Libya, and South Sudan, amongst others, into Nigeria. According to the Inter-Government Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa Report, 2014; the United Nations Report 2016 and Anka (2018), out of the 640 million SALW circulating in the world, about 100 million are in Africa, out of which 8 million are in West Africa and 5.6 million are in Nigeria.
The prevalence of porous borders in all Border States encourages irregular immigration. Also, the dominance of large ungoverned areas close to these illegal border routes is a good hideout base for criminals and even insurgents in the worst cases (Rawlings, 2013; Albert,2017 & Daniel, 2022). In addition, willing irregular immigrants from Niger Republic, Chad and Cameroon enter Nigeria through more than 350 unmanned routes with no gates. Through these unmanned borders, smugglers, peddlers, traffickers, potential insurgents and other criminals troop into Nigeria (Abeshi, 2018). Thus, illegal border routes in Nigeria impede curbing irregular migrants and effective border management, thereby encroaching on the Internal Security of Nigeria.
Implications of Migration Security-Induced Challenges and Development
Indeed every aspect of human endeavour, be it health, environment, food, economy, political, social, and physiological, stands to be greatly affected by the states of Security or insecurity of the nation (Basheer, 2018; Kachala, 2020). Apparently, in recent times, Nigeria has been bogged down with challenges of insecurity-induced-irregular migration as a trigger of smuggling, proliferation of arms, kidnapping, banditry, militancy, and Boko Haram insurgency. Insurgency Internal insecurity is not a problem that is unique to Nigeria. Developed countries also face the challenges of this phenomenon within their borders daily. Ajumo (2012) posits that the difference between them and Nigeria is how they manage the threats.
The country needs citizens’ energies, wealth, materials and infrastructure to forge ahead with its development. The insecurity pathogen in Nigeria has caused a humanitarian emergency in the northern part of the country. Displacing over 2.8 million people and deriving about 3 million victims’ humanitarian access (UNHCR, 2015). Furthermore, the occurrence of the activities of Boko Haram has foisted a general threat to the Security of the citizens, which is not only affecting integration but also the potential to undermine the country’s corporate existence. The progress of any nation depends on the ability of the various ethnic and religious groups to live peacefully with one another. In effect, peaceful co-existence is necessary for attaining the desired national interest and Security. However, the activities of arms smugglers across the Nigerian borders, human traffickers, drug dealers, bandits, herders from neighbouring countries, and the Boko Haram group have not only destabilized the peaceful co-existence of the people of Nigeria through their nefarious acts but also disintegrated the nation further.
Displacement of people physically and psychologically has also triggered the loss of farmland, livestock and tools through which many IDPs cannot resume their livelihood after displacement, and most received no assistance to do so. In this case, farming and grazing, the people’s major preoccupations, remain standstill. Also, since insecurity heightened in Nigeria, foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country has plummeted due to the political upheaval in the country. According to the World Investment Report (WIR) 2023, FDI flows into Nigeria dropped by 105.64 percent in just one year from 2021 to 2022 and FDI into Nigeria for 2022 was $-0.19 billion. This substantial loss in FDI over a short period has far-reaching developmental consequences for the country.
Also, the insecurity challenges in northern Nigeria, as reported by the Borno state ministry of Education, 15,000 children stopped attending schools together with the disruption of the school system in other states due to the incessant closure of schools. More so, this has heavily obstructed the realization of most parts of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As claimed by Stephen, Ishaka and Biibi Farouk (2019), this reality has made the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) a literal stillborn because the available funds remain underplayed for implementing the programme in the country.
The insurgence of the Boko Haram crisis has led to an unimaginable proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria, consequently threatening the Security of the people and the nation.
Conclusion
This discourse on the nexus of migration, internal Security and development in Nigeria contends that migration induces untold threats to Nigeria’s national Security, presenting far-reaching negative implications for the country’s national development. Migration in some parts of Nigeria accounted for a loss of lives of human resources, obstruction of economic activities, reduction in revenue generation by the government, shortage of food, destruction of infrastructural facilities such as schools, markets, roads, hospitals, and destruction of farmland. The study also revealed the positive correlation between migration, social unrest, SALWs proliferation, cross-border crimes and smuggling, which combine to slow down National Security in Nigeria. The study also identified challenges caused by a weak policy environment, poor synergy, capacity constraint, and poor technological capacity in border management. This endangers the lives and livelihood of citizens in contiguous border communities. The research findings brought to the fore the prospects of curbing irregular migration for enhanced national Security for sustainable development in Nigeria.
Recommendations
To fill the gaps identified in this discourse, this study recommends that:
1. Nigeria should strive to manage migration and national insecurities issues within the framework of national and regional governments.
2. Nigerian government, through the platform of ECOWAS, should strive to attain governance, economic growth and development as a priority of governments of member states.
3. Nigerian government should devise a diplomatic means to reduce the influx of irregular migration following international laws and protocols.
4. The Presidency should commence lobbying the ECOWAS Commission to review the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement
5. Ensure effective border patrols and beefing up of Security without breaching the Free Movement Protocol
6. The Federal Government should control migration within the framework of Articles 3 and 27 of the ECOWAS Treaty to provide for the free flow of persons, goods and services,
7. The Federal Government should call on member states to ensure gradual removal of all obstacles to the free movement of persons, services and capital.
8. The Federal government should constitute a committee to review the National Migration Policy 2015.
9. The Federal Ministry of Interior should commence the provision of modern technological infrastructure for managing the Nigerian border.
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