Confluence Journal of History and International Affairs (CJHIA)
The Confluence Journal of History and International Affairs (CJHIA) is a biannual journal of the Department of History and international Studies, Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria. It welcomes well researched and scholarly papers from scholars and researchers in History and International Studies and other related disciplines to be considered for publication (hard-copy and online).
ISSN (Print): 2971 – 5857
ISSN (Online): 2971 – 5865
JOURNALS
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 3, NO. 1, FEB. 2025
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 3, NO. 2,
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 2, NO. 1, NOV. 2023
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 2, NO. 2,
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 1, NO. 1, May, 2022
CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CJHIA)
VOL. 1, NO. 2, November, 2022
Latest Published Articles
STEEL PRODUCTION FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: LESSONS FROM CHINA AND INDIA
Steel development as a panacea for a nation socio-economic development cannot be overemphasised as steel is the bedrock of industrialization. Arising from this understanding, most developed nations of the world harnessed their steel potentials deploying government apparatus to achieve its goal. This paper therefore examines the role of governments in furthering steel production for national development using China and India as case studies.
INTERROGATING THE DE-RADICALISATION AND REINTEGRATION PROGRAMME OF OPERATION SAFE CORRIDOR UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI SINCE 2016
Northeastern Nigeria has been at the centre stage of violent conflicts between the deadly Boko Haram sect and the Nigerian government. Many people have lost their homes, means of livelihood and lives as a result of this conflict. The Nigerian security forces have been instrumental in combating the heinous activities of this sect. The massive onslaught carried out against the activities of Boko Haram members in recent times has made some of them to surrender their weapons while some of them have been arrested and detained in various prisons across the country. The paper argues that in as much as the de-radicalisation efforts of operation safe corridor have yielded some positive fruits,
WRITTEN SOURCES AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF AFRICAN HISTORY: THE NIGERIAN EXAMPLE
Written sources are part of various other sources that make up for what historians use in the reconstruction of history. The art of writing on its part is a civilization that developed at different times in different societies. Societies that developed the art of writing early enough committed most of their history to writing while those that did not develop such craft early, committed theirs to memory. In the reconstruction of history, historians make use of all sources available, as no single source is immune to human manipulation, consciously or unconsciously. The coming of the Europeans with their colonial rule was not the beginning of the history of Africa, for they claim to have introduced the art of reducing the history of Africa to writing. The Egyptians had for a long time developed the art of writing known as hieroglyphs, which contributed immensely to the knowledge of their past as well as some other societies they met.
IMPACT OF IJAKADI FESTIVAL ON SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF OFFA COMMUNITY
Cultural festivals are important historical activity that involves various activities showcasing several aspects of people’s living, they are not only a part of life, but also have fundamental impacts on the behaviour, traditions and histories of the people. Using existing oral tradition, and secondary data analysis, the paper discusses the importance of traditional festival and the need to historically study existing traditional festivals such as the Ijakadi festival of the Offa people, by looking at brief origin of the people, the geographical location and the emergence of the festival, using written and oral
PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: EVOLUTION, CONTRADICTIONS AND DIVIDENDS
This article is intended to generate arguments to legitimise and rationalise international peace operations. Although some writers have discounted the usefulness of peace operations in mitigating international conflicts and the accompanying complex emergencies, the paper argues that ‘international intervention’ still represents a core instrument in the resolution of international conflicts. The justification for international peace operations is built on a number of compelling grounds, which include military cum strategic, political, humanitarian and economic. In conclusion, the paper points out that the values or benefits of international peace operations overbalance the possible objections or contradictions about them; without discounting the need to erect structures and regimes that will enhance peace operations and address the misgivings surrounding them. The paper relied principally on the secondary sources of data and thematic analysis.
HYPER-CONNECTED MUSEUMS: A NEW APPROACH TO PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE
Since the inception of Museum in Nigeria from about 1945, Museums have been in the form of physical buildings where people visits for research, excursions and recreations. However, the introduction of the internet and the breakthrough in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the 21st century permeated all spheres and sectors of the society
COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
The West African region is undeniablya strategic and important Sub-region in Africa. However, it has become one of the most volatile regions in Africa today. Amidst these challenges emerged the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 with the laudable goal of economic integration. However, the economic integration efforts of ECOWAS have been challenged by new global dynamics and regional challenges. Since integration requires an organisation of socio-economic activities on a much larger scale, the study finds out that trans-border crimesremain a fundamental challenge to the regional multilateral economic paradigm. Trans-border crimes prevalent in the West Africa region include the smuggling of small arms and light weapons, armed robbery, money laundering, smuggling of contraband goods and commodities, human trafficking, trans-border terrorism and insurgencies, and drug trafficking. The study argues that the proliferation of trans-border crimes has posed a significant challenge to integration agendas such as Free Trade Area, Free movement, Customs Union, Monetary Union, and economic integration. The study, using historical methodology relies on content analysis of secondary data, sourced from peer-reviewed journals, books, and official publications of ECOWAS and other relevant multilateral institutions.The study finds out that trans-border crimes have contributed to the challenges facing the regional integration agenda in West Africa. Given the above findings, concludes the need for a joint collaborative multi-stakeholder approach to tackling these crimes which will help in deepening regional integration.
EFFECTS OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON THE LIVES OF CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS IN THE NORTH-EAST NIGERIA, 2011-2021
Boko Haram, an extremist Islamic sect which transformed into a terrorist group, has been an albatross on the peace and development of the North-Eastern States and Nigeria at large since its emergence. The menace of this sect has negatively impacted on the local farmers and businessmen as a whole. This act no doubt has caused severe hardship for the law enforcement agencies that toiled day and night to curtail their activities and restored peace to the affected parts. Although Bornu in the North-East is the epicentre of the insurgency, its effects have reverberated through the entire country with negative impact on the lives of both Christians and Muslims. The invisibility of the sect has raised fundamental questions not only about the national security, but also on the sincerity of government in tackling the sect. Hence, the solution proffered to the devastating effects of these inhuman activities of Boko Haram by the affected
MILITARY REGIMES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: AN EVALUATION OF GENERAL BUHARI’S ECONOMIC POLICIES, 1983-1985
Several articles and books have been written on the Buhari/Idiagbon’s military regime. However, these articles have not directly hinged on the economic policies of the administration. It is this missing link that prompted the intervention of this study. With the use of secondary data from diverse academic disciplines, the study traces the pedigrees of the two administrators emphasizing their career. It thereafter, assesses the administration’s economic policies. The study argues that those policies were solely aimed at protecting and growing the local economy of Nigeria. The paper evaluates those policies ranging from labour force, external reserves, fiscal discipline, River Basin Authorities (RBA), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), among others. In evaluating the aforementioned policies, their strengths and
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PEACE OPERATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PEACE OPERATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Jude K. Cocodia Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University, Nigeria and Department of…
TOWARDS GLOBAL CONFLICT: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS RELATION IN KOREAN WAR OF 1950 – 1953.
This work focused on United State of America and Soviet Union relations how the relationship lead to ideological war popularly known as the Cold War, which almost lead to a global conflict and how this war affected Korea. The era saw the advent of the most destructive instruments in the annals of human’s development – the Atomic Bomb and the Ballistic Missiles. The presence of these instruments in the midst of humanity, gave rational beings something to worry about. During this period, international peace was exposed to the danger of being violated. More worrisome but engaging is this notion has continued to survive in many accounts of the era. Obviously, the role of Cold War in perpetuating conflict or enhancing peace in the international political system needs to be re-examined. This paper, therefore, re-examines, the impact of the Cold War on international peace, with place like Korea as area of
UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN PERSPECTIVE, 1980-2022
This study examined the impact of conflict in society as it allows for development. The focus was on Nigeria’s university education sector. Conflict is widespread in human societies and is an expression of social disequilibrium. Conflict is pervasive and unavoidable within social groups and between social groups. A new twist in analysing conflict in society is to look at conflict in its constructive and positive apparel. The incessant conflict between the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) resulting in various industrial actions is to drive home ASUU’s demand for proper funding for the public universities revitalization in Nigeria. The methodology adopted was secondary source. Secondary data sources such as journals, newspapers, and Internet were explored and analysed based on content and discourse analysis.
A HISTORICAL APPRAISAL OF POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1929-1999
The nexus between industrialisation and economic development is inextricable. There is no doubt that economic development is a project in continuity, but the industrial undertone for this continuity cannot be underestimated. This is because a majorindex for economic development is industrialisation which is usually attained through the instrumentality of carefully orchestrated policies and strategies. Within the confine of industrialisation strategies in Nigeria, the activities of various institutional frameworks are noticeable. The origin of Nigeria’s industrial development policies and programmes could be traced to the colonial era, though the colonial industrial development strategies were tailored towards sustaining the economic exploitation of the country. Since independence in 1960 however,
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MAJI-MAJI REVOLT IN TANGANYIKA (MODERN DAY-TANZANIA) 1905-1907
This paper presents new insights on the Maji-Maji movement, which is a least studied research in the colonial history of Eastern Africa particularly Tanzania. Having use in-depth historical analysis of secondary sources as methodology, the paper examines the historical context of the Maji-Maji movement of 1905-1907which was a large scale war of resistance against German colonial rule in Tanganyika, (now Tanzania)that started in the Lindi Region and spread rapidly to other areas like the Ruvuma Region where the war ended. The paper opined that the immediate cause of the uprising was a government-instituted program of cotton culture, to which black farmers objected, but the underlying reason was a general resentment of harsh colonial policies that included forced labor and ruthless tax collection. The research also presentsthe movement as an armed movement arising from peasants’ grievances, backed by prophetic consecration as strategy to render the warriors’ immune to gunfire.The research reveals that the rebellion was however crushed
LOKOJA CLUB 1901: BRITISH COLONIAL LEGACY IN LOKOJA, NIGERIA
Looking at the spectrum of Lokoja history from the precolonial, colonial and post-colonial eras, we can deduce that one of the major reasons for the rise and growth of Lokoja town as well as the reason for the presence of British administrators was as a result of its strategic location. The presence of the river Niger played important role in the economic growth and socio-cultural development of the early aborigines of Lokoja and those who later migrated and settled in the area. The location of Lokoja town at the confluence of rivers Niger and Benue as well as the natural hill called mount Patti was one of the reasons the British Administrators settled at Lokoja, as the first British settlement in Northern Nigeria. Club 1901 was one of the British Colonial legacies in Lokoja town during this period under study. Thus, the story of Club 1901 can never be complete without making references to the presence of British Colonial masters in the later part of the 19th and early 20th centuries in Nigeria and most especially in Lokoja. This work sets to elaborate the roles of Lord Frederick Lugard in the establishment of Club 1901. Equally, it will examine the roles of Club 1901 as a form of
PERSPECTIVES ON NIGERIA’S PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN AFRICA, 2009-2019
PERSPECTIVES ON NIGERIA’S PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN AFRICA, 2009-2019 Luper Angel Nguyilan Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. &…
A HISTORY OF BAPTIST SCHOOL, EKIRIN-ADDE, KOGI STATE, 1929-1960
A HISTORY OF BAPTIST SCHOOL, EKIRIN-ADDE, KOGI STATE, 1929-1960 Samuel Bamiloye Ibitoye-Bamisaye, PhD Department of History Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria Abstract Education is pivotal…
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CASHEW PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACT ON UGWOLAWO, OFU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, 1991-2018
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CASHEW PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACT ON UGWOLAWO, OFU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, 1991-2018 Agbonika Ojali Peace Department of History and…
NIGERIA AND ITS CONTIGUOUS NEIGHBOURS: RELATIONSHIP AND CHANGE OF STRATEGIES
NIGERIA AND ITS CONTIGUOUS NEIGHBOURS: RELATIONSHIP AND CHANGE OF STRATEGIES Adeleke, Adewole Ayodeji Department of History and International Studies, Osun State University, Osogbo, Ikire Campus,…
SIGNIFICANCE OF IGALA LITERARY CULTURE TO THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE AREA FROM 1800-1999
The most dominant group in the Niger-Benue Confluence Area is the Igala. Being the most populous group, the influence of its literary culture on its neighbors cannot be overlooked. Thus, there is a great conurbation of acculturation between the Igala and its neighbors. This integration made Igala literary culture significant to the historiography of the peoples of Niger-Benue Confluence Area. Igala historiography relied largely on documentary sources particularly books written by western Europeans and some indigenous writers. However, the contextual features of Igala discourse literature such as folklores, poems, music and songs, proverbs, prose, among others that play significant roles in the reconstruction of Igala history have not received adequate scholarly attention. Consequently, the notion of documentary sources like books written on Igala history is often generalized, thus limiting the role of oral literary culture in the reconstruction of Igala history. The current study addresses the gap by focusing on some of the most fundamental contextual features of Igala oral literary culture which is very significant to the historiography of the Niger-Benue confluence area from 1800 to 1999. Adopting historical methodology, this study made use of both the primary and secondary approaches to acquire information. The primary sources were information obtained from oral
INDIGENOUS COLONIALISM IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA, A FOCUS ON NUPE OVER – RULE IN OKUN LAND, c. 1847-1897.
Colonialism is both a political and an economic system, where a powerful state conquers or dominates a weaker one, using conquest as a weapon to achieve this. Colonialism or colonial system is a sort of hegemonial relation designed exclusively for political domination and economic exploitation of the colonialized area. Colonialism equally assumes alien domination. It connotes the establishment and maintenance of an extended time to rule over an alien people that are separated from and subordinated to the ruling power. In this context therefore, a colonial relationship is created, when a nation establishes and maintains political and economic domination over a geographically external and inhabited by people of any race at any state of culture development. It is against this backdrop that this paper discusses the Nupe colonialism of Okunland of North Central Nigerian c.a. 1847-1897.
REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFRICA:A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THE EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY (EAC) AND THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFRICA:A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THE EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY (EAC) AND THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) Adebile, Oluwaseyi Paul Department…
MODERNITY AND ITS IMPACT ON EKUECHI FESTIVAL AMONG THE EBIRA-IHIMA OF KOGI STATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Celebration of festivals is an integral aspect of cultural lives of a society from the ancient time. In many African societies, culture represents a way of life. While some of these practices could be shrouded in mysteries, others are exhibited in the glare. Cultural practices vary from one society to another; they take place at different seasons, times and periods of the year, depending on their significance. This work attempts to examine one of such cultural heritage among the Ihima people in Okehi Local Government area of Kogi state, Nigeria. Ekuechi festival is one of the major cultural celebrations in Ihima which characteristically, features the coming out of masquerades accompanied with rituals, sacrifices, artistic display, music, pump and pageantry. However, over the years the usual glamour, rituals and
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STREET HAWKING AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN ITOBE, KOGI STATE
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STREET HAWKING AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN ITOBE, KOGI STATE 1Baba Isaac Ibrahim & 2Paul Desmond Ukwenya 1 &…
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CRIME OF PIRACY AND HIJACKING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CRIME OF PIRACY AND HIJACKING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NWALA Paul, Ph.D Department of International Law and Diplomacy The…
AN INSIGHT INTO THE MILITARY INTERVENTION IN NIGERIA DEMOCRACY
AN INSIGHT INTO THE MILITARY INTERVENTION IN NIGERIA DEMOCRACY Abdussalam Umar Abedo Ph.D Department of History and International Studies Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano Salamsalam603@gmail.com…
CALL FOR PAPERS
The Confluence Journal of History and International Affairs (CJHIA), a biannual journal of the Department of History and international Studies, calls for well researched and scholarly papers from scholars and researchers in History and International Studies and other related disciplines to be considered for publication which hopes to be published (hardcopy and online).
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
Articles which must be original and not under consideration for publication elsewhere should be formatted with double line spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12 and should not exceed 8000 words including references. References should be documented in the 17th edition of Chicago Manual of Style or the Modern Language Association (MLA)
All articles which must bear the names of the author(s), institutional affiliation and e-mail should be submitted electronically to cjhia@fulokoja.edu.ng and an assessment fee of #5,000. All articles will undergo a blind peer review and successful articles will be published in the January to June Edition. Authors of accepted articles for publication will be required to pay a publication fee of #20,000 only.